绿帽换妻

Introduction

Instructional design has significantly evolved in recent years. Currently, more than 20 different instructional design models or theories have been developed for different situations, environments, and/or sectors. After World War II, Edgar Dale (1946) established the foundation of instructional design by creating a methodology for organizing instructional hierarchy which, helped inform the more recent empathic and integrated learning design framework ( 2009).  Models such as ADDIE, Kemp, Dick and Carey, ASSURE, ARCS and Goal Based Scenarios have have been commonly referred to as traditional or frequently referenced as instructional design models or theories. These models are still relevant to online course design; however, these traditional models or theories seem to be designed in a linear fashion with limited feedback loop during the design process. The ADDIE Model and Kemp Design Model are sequential, which start with analysis, and designers are expected to proceed in specific steps towards evaluation. These models have long been regarded as the most practical instructional design theory for new lesson or course development.

In the late 1970s through the early 90s, many scholars focused on how students learn and how learning process affects course development. These scholars developed theories such as Algo-Heuristic Theory, Conditions of Learning and Elaboration Theory, which were designed to incorporate activity that facilitates students reception of knowledge in to the lesson design process. While students learning is an important design aspect, there are other components such as tool compatibility and other considerations that go into online course development that might be ignored by such models.

The remaining instructional design theories reviewed in this paper include component-based or are dynamic in nature. Some of the well-known theories or models include 4C ID Model, Component Display Theory, Hannafin-Peck Model and Discovery Learning. These theories attempt to break the course development process into various tasks that might occur simultaneously and are not required to follow any specific order. This dynamic approach is more realistic when it comes to curriculum design but lacks the emphasis on accreditation standards, program requirements and institutional goals.

A majority of the design models are very well suited for face-to -face delivery, lesson-based, or course development where the faculty or trainer is the designer. For online curriculum development at the program-level or course-level, there are factors that might prevent designers from following the traditional design models such as ADDIE to their process. Most online instructional design models are designed for instructors or trainers who are designing for their own course and do not consider other stakeholders in the development process. There is a lack of appropriate models for instructional designers who are working with the faculty and program coordinators to design course-level or program-level curriculum. Older models follow linear development, whereas, online education needs a multistage approach that supports simultaneous development and incorporates the priorities of all those involved in the curriculum development process.

Higher education institutions traditionally consist of several schools or colleges with continuing education or extension units. Online instructional designers can be housed in various campus divisions such as Academic Affairs, Online Campus, Global Campus, Information Technology, or locally at the college/department level or continuing education division. The authors of this case study come from a campus with over 15,000 FTE, with more than 54% of students taking at least one or more online/hybrid course, and 25% of students are fully online or hybrid degree program seeking students. The Office of the Online Campus is a part of the Academic Affairs and serves close to 1,000 faculty who are required to use a learning management system to place all course materials. Often times our campus limited design resources have to meet the overwhelming demand of faculty who are teaching online courses while considering the requirements from Chancellors Office, as well as quality assurance (QA) transformation initiatives. These QA initiatives have been instituted for the past three years and currently have over 100 faculty committed and almost 500 grants completed to resdesigning their online or hybrid courses to meet quality standards. All Online Instructional Designers/ eLearning Specialists are working with more than 20 courses in multiple programs at any one time. This significant load requires project management skills and additional training on QA facilitation.

In addition to redesigning courses to meet quality standards, Online Instructional Designers/ eLearning Specialists are working with faculty to convert their courses from quarter to semester courses. 绿帽换妻- East Bay started the quarter to semester conversion process in 2014 and will start its first semester courses in Fall 2018.The implication of this conversion is that all programs and courses need their curricula redesigned, including online and hybrid courses.Previously, the University did not have a comprehensive system to handle such a monumental task until the creation of the Office of the Online Campus. The quarter to semester conversion was a great opportunity for the Online Campus team to develop an instructional design model that works for Online instructional design team, program, and faculty members. Faced with increased design projects and converting from quarters to semesters, the team identified a need to have a better model or process to follow for assisting the curriculum development projects that benefits learning and teaching online. The Online Campus Design Team provides the required services and resources to faculty and students and has been made a priority in recent Cal State East Bay Faculty Senate approved an Online Hybrid Course Policy, which make the quality assurance and training to be the important tasks to the Online Campus.

At the very beginning of our existence, the Online Campus frequently used elements from multiple instructional design models to meet the needs of our diverse campus. However, the need for a more comprehensive model that supported online instructional designers became apparent during the three years of online and hybrid transformation initiatives. Faculty must meet deadlines for each step of the course redesign process based on best practices and the Quality Matters rubric. Today, the University has committed close to $750,000 to course redesign efforts and a team of four Online Instructional Designers/ eLearning Specialists that play various roles and take on additional project managers, course builders, program coordinators and liasons with outside vendors. An additional four course builders were hired to facilitate such tasks as well. Between 2015 and 2017, there were seven cohorts of faculty members who received the course redesign quality assurance grants and many others who also worked with the instructional design team without grants. The quality transformation grant requirements included participating in a quality assurance workshop, collaborating with online instructional designers to redesign courses, and getting their semester courses certified by Quality Matters, Inc. Each one of these mini grants is an opportunity for the design team to fine tune our best practices and ensure that the model works well in our highly demanding work environment.

With the challenges and concerns of current models and theories, the authors have developed a system that works for our complex environment over the last three years. A final comprehensive system (Figure 1) came to light after numerous iterations and is based on previous research, observational evidence, and lessons learned that is more suited for the online learning environment. It is the authors intent to share this system with other designers in the field and exchange other best practices.

System

The evolution of the proposed online course redesign system took almost three years to flourish. The process of developing and finalizing such a system is an organic process that might be considered as an evolving life cycle. The system in this white paper combines the previously discussed linear theories or models while considering students learning and various components that need to be accomplished during the dynamic design process. In addition to the traditional instructional design schools of thought, a successful or well-developed curriculum requires a team approach with a support team that is composed of system administrators, administrative assistants, and/or special projects coordinator to provide all necessary services in order to complete the course redesign process in a timely manner.

Reflecting on what have been done over the last three years, our system is a dynamic and organic evolution that can be adapted and applied for other universities online course development team. This system maintains the spirit of System Theory, ADDIE, ASSURE, and other design models, while considering the ongoing life cycle of the course design process and development into a sustainable re-growth model. To illustrate this process, we have compared this system to a plumeria flower, where the flower petals blossoming represents the life cycle of the course development over time. The sepal represents our design teams individualized care/efforts, support, services, and our proactive approach to the course rebuild or re-design. The five petals represents the major system design components that we have re-envisioned as the focal point of this paper. Components of the system include status, opportunities, alignment, development, and reflection. All of these components are in no particular sequence and might occur simultaneously.

Figure 1. Graphical representation of the Online Course Redesign System

Conclusion

In this article, the authors reviewed instructional design and curriculum design models that are currently available in the field, highlighting their weaknesses and disadvantages. Based on the review of most available instructional design models and on significant experience working in collaboration with faculty, the authors propose a revised online course redesign system for online instructional designers currently working in the field. The focal point of this proposed system is represented as an organic life cycle with five components: status, opportunities, reflection, alignment and development. The significant foundation is made up of the instructional design team, faculty, and program support and services working together to help flourish the development of a high quality online course for the benefit of students learning. As a recommendation, other universities could benefit from this design system by applying this proposed system and/or making any improvements in order to benefit the field of instructional design.

Author Note

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Roger Wen, Office of the Online Campus, 绿帽换妻, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542. Contact: roger.wen@csueastbay.edu

Suggested citation: Wen, R., Saelee, C., Munoz, M. (2018). Re-envisioning An Instructional Design System for Higher Education: A Case Study for Online Course Curriculum Development . Hayward, CA: Office of the Online Campus, 绿帽换妻, East Bay.

Bibliography

Andriotis, N. (2017, November). Optimize your online course development process with these 5 tips. Retrieved from:

Akker, J. J. H. van den, Plomp, T., Bannan, B., Cobb, P., Folmer, E., Gravemeijer, K., . . . Nieveen, N. M. (2013). Educational design research. Enschede: Slo.

Bruner, J. The Act of Discovery. Retrieved from

Cognitive apprenticeship (n.d.). In wikipedia. Retrieved January 24, 2018, from

Component display theory. (n.d.). Retrieved February 05, 2018, from

Culatta, R. (n.d.). In Instructional Design. Retrieved from

Gerlach and Ely design model. (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2018, from

Hogle, P. S. (n.d.). Magers Criterion-Referenced Instruction Approach Ideal for Self-Paced eLearning. Retrieved February 01, 2018, from

Hogle, P. S. (n.d.). Gagn's Nine Events of Instruction Offer a Blueprint for eLearning Design. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from  

Landwehr, P. Empathic Design vs. Empathetic Design: A History of Confusion. Retrieved from

Kaufman, R. (1987, November 30). Preparing Useful Performance Indicators. Retrieved February 01, 2018, from

Keller, J. M. (n.d.). Development and Use of the ARCS Model of the Motivation Design. Retrieved February 5, 2018, from

Keller', J. (n.d.). Arcsmode.ipower.com. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from

Mager, R. (n.d.). Criterion Referenced Instruction. Retrieved February 01, 2018, from

Merrill's Component Display Theory. (n.d.). Retrieved February 05, 2018, from

Merril, D. (n.d.). The Descriptive Component Display Theory. Retrieved February 5, 2018, from

Moore, M. Theory of transactional distance. "Theoretical Principles of Distance Education (1997), 22-38. Retrieved from  Morrison, K. (n.d.). Kemp's Model. Retrieved January 31, 2018, from

OLC Quality Scorecard Case Studies. (n.d.). Retrieved February 01, 2018, from

Pappas, C. (2017, March 30). Applying The Hannafin-Peck Model In eLearning. Retrieved February 01, 2018, from

Plomp, Tjeerd, and Nienke Nieveen. "Educational Design Research." Qureshi, E. (n.d.). Instructional Design Models. Retrieved February 01, 2018, from

Reigeluth, C. (2016, October 22). Elaboration Theory (Reigeluth). Retrieved January 31, 2018, from

Schank, R., Bell, B., Fano, A., Jona, M. The Design of Goal-Based Scenarios. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(4), 41. Retrieved from

Standards from the Quality Matters Higher Education Rubric, 5th Edition. Quality Matters. Retrieved from

The Hannafin Peck Design Model. (n.d.). Retrieved February 01, 2018, from  

Van, J., Clark, R., De Croock, M. (n.d.). Research Gate. Retrieved February 5, 2018, from